Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, blood glucose levels rise dangerously high, requiring lifelong insulin therapy. Unlike Type 2 Diabetes, Type 1 is not preventable and is not related to lifestyle factors.

This condition typically develops in children and young adults, though it can occur at any age. Approximately 5-10% of all diabetes cases are Type 1, affecting millions worldwide.

The exact cause of Type 1 Diabetes is not fully understood, but it involves a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Family history is a significant risk factor—children of parents with Type 1 Diabetes have a higher risk. Viral infections may also trigger the autoimmune response in genetically susceptible individuals.

Risk factors include having a close relative with Type 1 Diabetes, certain HLA gene types, and possible viral exposure early in life.

Early symptoms develop quickly over days or weeks and may include:

• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination, including bedwetting in children
• Extreme fatigue
• Irritability or unusual behavior
• Sugar in urine

Some people may present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a medical emergency characterized by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fruity-smelling breath.

Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests measuring:

• Fasting blood glucose levels
• Hemoglobin A1C (average glucose over 3 months)
• Random blood glucose tests
• Glucose tolerance tests

Doctors may also test for autoantibodies to confirm autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Treatment requires:

• Daily insulin therapy via injections or insulin pump
• Blood glucose monitoring multiple times daily
• Carbohydrate counting and meal planning
• Regular physical activity
• Psychological support

Modern insulin regimens use rapid-acting and long-acting insulins to mimic the body's natural insulin production.

Type 1 Diabetes cannot be prevented. However, ongoing research into immunotherapy may offer preventive strategies in the future for high-risk individuals.

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or diabetic ketoacidosis. Schedule regular appointments with an endocrinologist for ongoing management and screening for complications.